Software its types and Programing Languages
Software its types and Programing Languages
SOFTWARE
Software
is a program to issue some instructions to the computer hardware to get the
desired results. Computer Hardware only understands binary language i.e. 0 and
1. Digital signals are used to make
communication possible and to accomplish some tasks from the computer hardware.
Software tells the program what to do. The hardware operates under the control
of given set of instructions. Software
is developed in computer programming language.
1.
Logical part of the computer is
called software.
2.
Intangible part of the computer is
called software.
3.
We cannot see, fee, touch and wear
out software.
4.
Software is considered as
instruction in the form of digital signals, current, bits.
All the
instructions and data are stored on hard disk in the form of bits. Bit is the
Basic and smallest unit of data storage. We logically arrange and classify storage of data on hard disk.
1
Bit = 0
or 1, 1 bit can contain only a single value 0 or 1
4 Bits = combination of 4
digits ranging from 0 to 1. Combination
of 4 bits is called nibble.
4
Bits = 1Nibble
8
Bits = 1 Byte
1024
Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte
1024
Kilo Bytes = 1 Mega Byte
1024
Mega Bytes = 1 Giga Byte
1024
Giga Bytes = 1
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128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
If all the bits are equal to 1 then
it means that all the bits are on and that is the maximum capacity of the 1
byte, and 255 is the maximum capacity of 1 byte.
There are many
types of software depending upon their working capacity and architecture. They
have been classified into following two main categories.
a.
System Software.
b.
Application Software.
System Software
A program or set of programs that is specially designed to controls
different operation of computer system is called system software. It controls
the working of different part of the computer. The system software also enables
the other application program to execute properly.
Operating systems, utility program and device drivers are the example of
system software. Operating system is the main and the most popular system
software.
Application Software
A
program or set of programs that are specially designed to solve the specific
problems of user, are called application software. It is also known as software
package.
There
is different kinds of application software such as commercial software,
scientific software, financial packages, games, multimedia software etc.
however, the application software is divided into two main categories.
i.
custom Built Software
ii.
Packaged Software.
Custom Built Software
The software
that is developed for a particular organization or customer is called custom
built software. It is also knows as customized software. For example software
developed to maintain the records of students of a particular college is an
example of custom built software. These types of software are designed
specially in accordance with the specification of the target company organization.
These types of software are developed for the computer based record keeping of
all the activities related with all the transactions in an organizations. These
types of software are used to document all the internal and external activities
of the organization.
These types of software are:-
1.
Accounts Professional for record
keeping of all the transactions of buying and selling, expenses, cash payment,
bank payment, bank received, bank payment.
2.
Inventory Control System are used
to control and manage all the items/articles related with production and stock
and processing.
3.
Pay Roll System
4.
This system is designed to calculate the
salaries of all the employs in the organization. Their incoming and outgoing
timings are maintained with manually and automated systems by using bar code
reader, swap machines. These devices use specially designed cards.
5.
These types of cards represents
encrypted data by using magnetic ink. ||||||||||||||||||||||
6.
Sale Tax Invoice System
These
applications are developed for the invoicing of sale transactions. They record
information about the quantity, brand name, units i.e. kgs, liters, pounds
inches, amount excluding sale tax, amount including tax and total amount etc.
7.
Authentication Systems/Access
Control Systems
These kinds of
systems provide control to the systems. They are designed to provide
authentication only to the authorized students by using password/ biometric and
hardware control systems.
The software
that is developed by software development organizations (group of programmer)
for sale to the general public si called packaged software. Packaged software
is used to solve some common problem of many people or users. The examples of
packaged software are:-
Word processing packages
Writing letter
and other text document and computer is called the computer and called word
processing packages. Most popular word processing packages in MS Word.
Spread Sheets
A spreadsheet
is a program that processes information int rh form of tables. A spreadsheet is
usually sued to perform financial analysis amount all spreadsheet program
provide the facility to draw graphs and chart of the data. Many spreadsheet
programs are available. Most widely used spreadsheet program is Excel.
Databases
A database is
a collection of information stored in a an organized way. Computers are used to
efficiently maintain large databases. Several database packages are available
and most famous are ORALE, Fox Pro, and MS ACCESS, IBM DB-2, SQL Server.
Communication Software
Special
program are used to send and recive email and the internet. Similarly, computer
are also used to send and receive faxes. Several programs are available for
electronic communication. Internet explorer and Out Look Express are example of
these type of software.
Graphics Software
Graphics
programs are used to create graphics and images. The graphics and images
created in these program are used in publishing Core Draw and photo shop are
famous of software.
Compilers
The environment in which a computer program is written, compiled, run, tested and debugged is called integrated Development Environment.
The integrate Development Environment provides a large number of functions and pre defined facilities that are commonly used in most application programs. It provides an easy way to writing an application program using a graphical environment.
The integrated Development Environments are commonly used for most procedural languages and also for modern Object Oriented Languages.
Compiler takes a source code as input and converts it into object code. Compiler reads the input program and locates error from it and refines them in accordance with the specification of the language and accomplishes this task according to the requirement of the source code as output. It is also considered as language translator.
Interpreter
Interpreter reads the input source program statement by statement and
detects errors and executes the desired task as specified by the source
program. If it has been encountered by any problem then it prevents the program
to execute further until the error of the program is not corrected. When it has
been encountered by an error them compiler stops further execution and returns
control to the compiler. Interpreter translates the input source program into
assembly language.
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Compiler |
Interpreter |
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1. It translates source code into object code as whole. |
1. It translates the source code into machine code statement by statement. |
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2. It creates an object file. |
2. It does not create an object
file. |
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3. Program execution is very
fast. |
3. Program execution is slow. |
|
4. Translator program is not
require to translate the program each time you want to run the program. |
4. Translator program is
required to translate the program each time you want to run the program. |
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5. It is not easier to correct
the errors in the source code. |
5. It is easier to correct the
errors in the source code. |
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6. Most of the high level
programming languages have compiler program. |
6. A few high level programming
languages have interpreter program. |
Assembler
Assembler takes the input in assembly language and then translates it into object or machine readable code. Assembler performs the translation process in similar way as compiler. But assembler is the translator program for assembly language(a low level programming language)
Linker & Loader
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